Works on soft-bodied pests as an antifeedant and growth disruptor rather than a knockdown poison. Spray in the evening; neem oil and midday sun scorch leaves.

A standardised neem formulation with a consistent azadirachtin content, which raw neem oil does not have. Needs repeat sprays to break the pest cycle.

A soil-borne antagonist for damping off, root rot and wilt. Apply through compost rather than bare soil so the culture establishes.

Colonises the root surface and suppresses bacterial and fungal pathogens. Do not tank-mix with chemical fungicides — it is a live culture.

An entomopathogenic fungus for whitefly, thrips and aphid. Needs humidity and no direct sun to infect, so spray late in the day.

Catches whitefly, aphid and leaf miner adults, and just as usefully tells you a population is building before the damage shows.

Species-specific lures for monitoring and mass trapping fruit and shoot borers. Set them before the pest arrives, not after.